Structural change indicators methodology

Enterprises

Privatisation revenues (cumulative, in per cent of GDP)
Government revenues from cash sales of enterprises, not including investment commitments.
Sources: National authorities and IMF country reports.

Private sector share in GDP (in per cent)
“Private sector share” in GDP represent rough EBRD estimates, based on available statistics from both official (government) sources and unofficial sources. The underlying concept of private sector value added includes income generated by the activity of private registered companies, as well as by private entities engaged in informal activity in those cases where reliable information on informal activity is available.
Source: EBRD staff estimates.

Private sector share in employment (in per cent)
“Private sector share” in employment represent rough EBRD estimates, based on available statistics from both official (government) sources and unofficial sources. The underlying concept of private sector employment includes employment in private registered companies, as well as in private entities engaged in informal activity in those cases where reliable information on informal activity is available.
Source: EBRD staff estimates.

Budgetary subsidies and current transfers (in per cent of GDP)
Budgetary transfers to enterprises and households, excluding social transfers.
Sources: National authorities and IMF country reports.

Share of industry in total employment (in per cent)
Industry includes electricity, power, manufacturing, mining and water.
Sources: ILO, Labour Statistics Yearbook, UN, National Account Statistics, national statistical publications and IMF country reports.

Change in labour productivity in industry (in per cent)
Labour productivity is calculated as the ratio of industrial production to industrial employment. Changes in productivity are calculated on the basis of annual averages.
Sources: National statistical publications and IMF country reports.

Investment rate/GDP (in per cent)
Gross domestic investment consists of additional outlays to the economy’s fixed assets, plus net changes in inventory levels. Fixed assets include: land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, etc.); plant, machinery and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, commercial and industrial buildings, etc. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales and “work in progress”. Net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.
Source: See the macroeconomic indicators tables.

Markets and trade

Share of administered prices in CPI (in per cent)
Administered prices include

1. directly regulated prices (price set up directly by the state)
2. partly regulated prices (state has co-determination right in setting the price)
3. quasi-regulated prices (in the case of goods which are subject to specific customer taxes)
4. indirectly regulated prices (goods for which the state guarantees a purchase quote

Sources: EBRD survey of national authorities and IMF country reports.

Number of goods with administered prices in EBRD-15 basket
EBRD-15 basket consists of flour/bread, meat, milk, gasoline/petrol, cotton textiles, shoes, paper, cars, television sets, cement, steel, coal, wood, rents, intercity bus service.
Source: EBRD survey of national authorities.

Share of trade with non-transition countries (in per cent)
Ratio of merchandise exports and imports with non-transition economies to total trade (exports plus imports).
Source: IMF, Directions of Trade Statistics.

Share of trade in GDP (in per cent)
Ratio of exports plus imports to GDP.
Source: See the macroeconomic indicators tables.

Tariff revenues (in per cent of imports)
Tariff revenues include all revenues from international trade. Imports are those of merchandise goods.
Sources: National authorities and IMF country reports.

Financial sector

Number of banks (foreign-owned)
Number of commercial and savings banks, excluding cooperative banks. Foreign-owned banks are defined as those with foreign ownership exceeding 50 per cent, end-of-year.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Asset share of state-owned banks (in per cent)
Share of majority state-owned banks’ assets in total bank sector assets. The state includes the federal, regional and municipal levels, as well as the state property fund and the state pension fund. State-owned banks are defined as banks with state ownership exceeding 50 per cent, end-of-year.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Asset share of foreign-owned banks (in per cent)
Share of total bank sector assets in banks with foreign ownership exceeding 50 per cent, end-of-year.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Non-performing loans (in per cent of total loans)
Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans. Non-performing loans include sub-standard, doubtful and loss classification categories of loans, but excludes loans transferred to a state rehabilitation agency or consolidation bank, end-of-year.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Domestic credit to private sector (in per cent of GDP)
Ratio of total outstanding bank credit to private sector at end-of-year, including households and enterprises, to GDP.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Domestic credit to households (in per cent of GDP)
Ratio of total outstanding bank credit to households, at end-of-year, to GDP.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Mortgage lending (in per cent of GDP)
Ratio of mortgage lending to households, at end-of-year, to GDP.
Source: EBRD survey of central banks.

Stock market capitalisation (in per cent of GDP)
Market value of all shares listed on the stock market, calculated by multiplying the share price by the number of shares outstanding; presented as a percentage of GDP, end-of-year. Listed domestic companies are the domestically incorporated companies listed on the country's stock exchanges at the end of the year.
Source: Standard & Poor’s/IFC Emerging Stock Markets Factbook, Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges and local stock exchanges.

Stock trading volume (in per cent of market capitalisation)
Total value of shares traded during the period, divided by the average market capitalisation for the period.
Source: World Bank World Development Indicators, Standard & Poor’s/IFC Emerging Stock Markets Factbook and local stock exchanges.

Eurobond issuance (in per cent of GDP)
Total value of the bond issuance (including sovereign, municipality and corporate issuance)  denominated in a currency different to that of the country in which the bond was issued.
Source: JP Morgan. 

Infrastructure

Fixed-line (mobile) penetration rate (per 100 inhabitants)
Fixed line refers to the number of telephone lines connecting a customer to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and which have a dedicated port on a telephone exchange. Mobile refers to users of portable telephones subscribing to an automatic public mobile service using cellular technology that provides access to the PSTN..
Source: International Telecommunications Union.

Internet penetration rate (per 10,000 inhabitants)

Internet penetration rate is calculated as the number of Internet hosts (number of computers directly linked to the worldwide Internet network) per 10,000 inhabitants.
Source: International Telecommunications Union.

Railway labour productivity (1989=100)
Productivity measured as the ratio of the number of traffic units (passenger-kilometres plus freight tonne-kilometres) and the total number of railway employees.
Sources: National authorities and World Bank.

Residential electricity tariff, US cents per kilowatt-hour
Average tariff paid by residential consumers; where data on residential tariffs are not available, average retail tariff.
Sources: International Energy Agency, Energy Regulators Association and EBRD survey of national authorities.

Average collection rates, electricity (in per cent)
Collection rate is defined as the ratio of total electricity payments received in cash and total electricity charges.
Source: EBRD survey of national authorities.

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP in US dollars per kgoe)
PPP of GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent for commercial energy use. GDP is converted to international US dollars using purchasing power parity exchange rates.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators.